Darwin and Religion

Spring 2012 with H. Allen Orr

Part of Darwin's “Diagram of Divergence of Taxa”, the only diagram in On The Origin of Species. For the full diagram see here.

Details

Instructors

Overview

This is a course on the interaction of science and religion, focusing, though not exclusively, on the historical background to and reception of The Origin of Species. The course will involve equal parts science, history, and philosophy. We will consider topics including the rise of modern science in Judeo-Christian culture, historical attitudes toward biblical literalism, and the challenges posed to religious culture in Europe and America by science, especially the appearance of Darwinism. We will also discuss Darwin's own evolving scientific, philosophical, and religious views and the relevance of Darwinism to ongoing debates over the relationship between science and religion. The course will be very reading-intensive and involve classroom discussion. It is required that students have taken a class in (and ideally be intending to major in) either Philosophy, Religion and Classics, or one of the natural sciences. Instructor permission is required; please contact Professor Weslake.

Announcements

• There will be a special class session on Thursday 19 April with James G. Lennox, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. We will meet in Morey 504 at 4pm–6pm.
• Professor William FitzPatrick from the Philosophy Department will be visiting the class on Monday 30 April to talk with us about evolutionary debunking arguments.
• Professor Orr will be away for Meetings Six and Seven (8 and 13 Febraury).
• Professor Weslake will be away for Meeting Twenty (4 April).

Assessment

Requirements:

• Class participation.
• Weekly 1–2 page reading summaries.
• One 8–10 page research paper.
• One 10–12 page research paper.

The final grade will be determined as follows:

Due dates:

Textbooks

The following textbooks are required. They have not been ordered into the bookstore; please order copies from the links below:

Brooke, John Hedley. 1991. Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [AddAll]

Harrison, Peter. 1998. The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [AddAll]

Darwin, Charles. 2008. Evolutionary Writings: Including the Autobiographies, James A. Secord (Ed), Oxford University Press, Oxford. [AddAll]

Research

Books placed on reserve can be seen here. Online video and audio resources can be seen here. A research guide on the history of science and religion, which will be updated as the course progresses, can be downloaded here [PDF]. For research assistance, students are encouraged to consult either with us or with Eileen Daly, philosophy subject librarian, who maintains a useful set of resources here.

Schedule

Meeting One (Wednesday 18 January)
Introductory discussion

I. Historiography: Conflict and Harmony

Meeting Two (Monday 23 January) and Meeting Three (Wednesday 25 January)

Overviews

• Wilson, David B. 2000. “The Historiography of Science and Religion,” in Gary B. Ferngren (Ed), The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition: An Encyclopedia, Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, Vol. 1833, Garland, 2000, pp. 2–11. [PDF]

  Reprinted in Gary B. Ferngren (Ed), Science and Religion: A Historical Introduction, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD, 2002, pp. 13–29.

• Russell, Colin A. “The Conflict of Science and Religion,” in Ferngren (2000, pp. 12–17). [PDF]

  Reprinted in Ferngren (2002, pp. 3–12).

Primary Reading

• Brooke (1991, Introduction and Chapter 1).
• One of the following:
  • Draper, John William. 1874. History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, D. Appleton and Company, New York, Chapters 1–2. [HTML] [GOOGLE] [LIBRARY]
  • White, Andrew Dickson. 1898. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, D. Appleton and Company, New York, Volume 1, Chapter 1, Section 1. [HTML] [GOOGLE] [LIBRARY]
  • Hooykaas, Reijer J. 1972. Religion and the Rise of Modern Science, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids MI, 1972, Introduction and Chapter 1, pp. xi–28. [PDF] [LIBRARY]

Secondary Reading

• Cantor, Geoffrey. 2010. “What shall we do with the ‘Conflict Thesis’?”, in Thomas Dixon, Geoffrey Cantor, and Stephen Pumfrey (Eds), Science and Religion: New Historical Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 283–298. [PDF]

• Stark, Rodney. 2003. “God's Handiwork: The Religious Origins of Science”, in For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 121–200. [LIBRARY]

  For a compressed presentation of this argument see also Stark, Rodney. 2003. “False Conflict: Christianity is Not Only Compatible With Science—It Created It”, in The American Enterprise, Vol. 14, October/November 2003, pp. 27–33. [PDF]

• Efron, Noah. 2009. “That Christianity Gave Birth to Modern Science”, in Ronald L. Numbers (Ed), Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, pp. 79–89. [PDF] [LIBRARY]

II. The Scientific Revolution

Meeting Four (Monday 30 January) and Meeting Five (Wednesday 1 February)

Overviews

• Osler, Margaret J. 2009. “That the Scientific Revolution Liberated Science from Religion”, in Ronald L. Numbers (Ed), Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, pp. 90–98. [PDF] [LIBRARY]

Primary Reading

• Brooke (1991, Chapter 2).

Secondary Reading

• Osler, Margaret J. 2010. “Religion and the Changing Historiography of the Scientific Revolution,” in Dixon, Cantor, and Pumfrey (2010, pp. 87–110). [PDF]
• Henry, John. 2010. “Religion and The Scientific Revolution”, in Peter Harrison (Ed), The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 39–58. [PDF]

III. The Mechanical Philosophy and The Foster Thesis

No Class Monday 6 February
Meeting Six (Wednesday 8 February) and Meeting Seven (Monday 13 February)

Primary Reading

• Brooke (1991, Chapters 3–4).

Secondary Reading

• Harrison, Peter. 2002. “Voluntarism and Early Modern Science”, in History of Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, March 2002, pp. 63–89. [URI]
• Henry, John). 2009. “Voluntarist Theology at the Origins of Modern Science: A Response to Peter Harrison”, in History of Science, Vol. 47, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 79–113. [URI]
• Harrison, Peter. 2009. “Voluntarism and the Origins of Modern Science: A Reply to John Henry”, in History of Science, Vol. 47, No. 2, June 2009, pp. 223–231. [URI]
• Ashworth Jr., William B. 2003. “Christianity and the Mechanistic Universe,” in Lindberg and Numbers (2003), pp. 61–84. [PDF]

IV. Protestantism and Science: The Harrison Thesis

Meeting Eight (Wednesday 15 February), Meeting Nine (Monday 20 February) and Meeting Ten (Wednesday 22 February)

Primary Reading

• Harrison (1998, Introduction and Chapters 1–4).

Secondary Reading

• Ashworth Jr., William B. 1990. “Natural History and the Emblematic World View”, in David C. Lindberg and Robert S. Westman (Eds), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303–333. [PDF]

  Reprinted in Hellyer, Marcus (Ed). 2003. The Scientific Revolution: The Essential Readings, Blackwell, Malden MA, pp. 130–156.

• Harrison, Peter. 2006. “The Bible and the Emergence of Modern Science”, in Science and Christian Belief, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 115–132. [PDF]

V. The Enlightenment and the Rise of Secular Culture

Meeting Eleven (Monday 27 February) and Meeting Twelve (Wednesday 29 February)

Primary Reading

• Brooke (1991, Chapter 5).

Secondary Reading

• Outram, Dorinda. 2005. “Science and the Enlightenment: God's Order and Man's Understanding,” and “The Rise of Modern Paganism? Religion and the Enlightenment”, in The Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Second Edition, pp. 93–125. [LIBRARY] [PDF]
• Broman, Thomas H. 2003. “Matter, Force, and the Christian Worldview in the Enlightenment,” in Lindberg and Numbers (2003), pp. 85–110. [PDF]
• Brooke, John Hedley. 2010. “Science and Secularization”, in Harrison (2010), pp. 103–123. [PDF]

VI. Natural Theology and Design Arguments before Darwin

Meeting Thirteen (Monday 5 March), Meeting Fourteen (Wednesday 7 March) and Meeting Fifteen (Monday 19 March)

Lectures: Design Arguments Old and New (Weslake)

Overviews

• Brooke, John Hedley. 2000. “Natural Theology”, in Ferngren (2000, pp. 67–74). [PDF]

  Reprinted in Ferngren (2002, pp. 163–175).

Primary Reading

• Brooke (1991, Chapter 6).

• Hume, David. 1779. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. [GOOGLE] [PDF]

  Focus on Sections 1–4, 8 and 12.

Secondary Reading

• Brooke, John Hedley and Cantor, Geoffrey. 1998. “Section III: Having Designs on Nature”, in Reconstructing Nature: The Engagement of Science and Religion, T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh, pp. 139–243. [URI]
• Bowler, Peter J. 1977. “Darwinism and the Argument from Design: Suggestions for a Reevaluation”, in Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 10, No. 1, March 1977, pp. 29–43. [URI]
• Elliott Sober. 2008. “Intelligent Design”, in Evidence and Evolution: The Logic Behind the Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 109–188. [PDF]

Focus on Sections 2.1–2.13.

VII. Darwin: The Theory

Meeting Sixteen (Wednesday 21 March) and Meeting Seventeen (Monday 26 March)

Lectures: Evolutionary Theory Old and New (Orr)

Primary Reading (Darwin)

• Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 1st Edition, John Murray, London, Chapters I-IV and Chapter XIV. [URI]

  Reprinted in Secord (2008).

VIII. Darwin: The Person

Meeting Eighteen (Wednesday 28 March) and Meeting Nineteen (Monday 2 April)

Overviews

• Brooke, John Hedley. 2010. “Darwin and Religion: Correcting the Caricatures”, in Science and Education, Vol. 19, No. 4–5, April–May 2010, pp. 391–405. [URI]

Primary Reading

• “Introduction” and “Autobiographies”, in Secord (2008).

Secondary Reading

• Sloan, Phillip R. 2001. “ “The Sense of Sublimity”: Darwin on Nature and Divinity”, in Osiris, Vol. 16, Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions 2001, pp. 251–269. [URI]
• Brooke, John Hedley. 2009. “Darwin and Victorian Christianity”, in Jonathan Hodge and Gregory Radick (Eds), The Cambridge Companion to Darwin, 2nd Ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 197–218. [URI]

IX. Darwin: The Reception

Meeting Twenty (Wednesday 4 April)

Primary Reading

• Brooke (1991, Chapter 8).

Secondary Reading

• Roberts, Jon H. 2010. “Religious Reactions to Darwin”, in Harrison (2010, pp. 80–102). [PDF]
• Moore, James R. 1979. “Part I: Historians and Historiography”, in The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwinism in Britain and America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17–122. [LIBRARY]
• Turner, Frank M. 2010. “The late Victorian conflict of science and religion as an event in nineteenth-century intellectual and cultural history,” in Dixon, Cantor, and Pumfrey (2010, pp. 87–110). [PDF]

X. Darwin: Evolution, Naturalism and Chance I

Meeting Twenty One (Monday 9 April) and Meeting Twenty Two (Wednesday 11 April)

Primary Reading

• Elliott Sober. 2011. “Evolution without Naturalism”, in Jonathan L. Kvanvig (Ed), Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, pp. 187–221. [PDF]
• Beatty, John. 2006. “Chance Variation: Darwin on Orchids”, in Philosophy of Science, Vol. 73, No. 5, December 2006, pp. 629–641. [URI]

Secondary Reading

• Beatty, John. 2006. “Replaying Life's Tape”, in Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 103, No. 7, pp. 336–362. [PDF]

XI. Darwin: Evolution, Naturalism and Chance II

Meeting Twenty Three (Monday 16 April) and Meeting Twenty Four (Wednesday 18 April) and Meeting Twenty Five (Thursday 19 April, Morey 504 at 4pm–6pm)

Reading Schedule

• See supplement on The Darwin–Gray Correspondence.

XII. Darwin: Evolutionary Debunking Arguments

Meeting Twenty Six (Monday 23 April) and Meeting Twenty Seven (Wednesday 25 April) and Meeting Twenty Eight (Monday 30 April)

Overviews

• Barrett, Justin L. “Cognitive Science of Religion: What Is It and Why Is It?”, in Religion Compass, Vol. 1, No. 6, September 2007, pp. 768–786. [URI]
• Mason, Kelby. 2010. “Debunking Arguments and the Genealogy of Religion and Morality”, in Philosophy Compass, Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2010, pp. 770–778. [URI]

Primary Reading

• Boyer, Pascal. 2005. “Gods and the Mental Instincts That Create Them”, in James D. Proctor (Ed), Science, Religion, and the Human Experience, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 237–259. [PDF]

Secondary Reading

• Griffiths, Paul E. and John S. Wilkins. forthcoming. “When Do Evolutionary Explanations of Belief Debunk Belief?”, in Phillip R. Sloan, Gerald McKenny, and Kathleen Eggleson (Eds), Darwin in the 21st Century: Nature, Humanity, and God, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. [URI]
• Kelly James Clark and Justin L. Barrett. 2011. “Reidian Religious Epistemology and the Cognitive Science of Religion”, in Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 79, No. 3, Sept. 2011, pp. 639–675. [URI]

XIII. Darwin: One Hundred and Fifty Years Later

Meeting Twenty Nine (Wednesday 2 May)

Primary Reading

• Brooke (1991, Postscript).
• Kitcher, Philip. 2007. “A Mess of Pottage”, in Living with Darwin: Evolution, Design, and the Future of Faith, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 117–166. [PDF] [LIBRARY]

Secondary Reading

• Harrison, Peter. 2006. ““Science” and “Religion”: Constructing the Boundaries,” in The Journal of Religion, Vol. 86, No. 1, January 2006, pp. 81–106. [URI]

  Reprinted in Dixon, Cantor, and Pumfrey (2010, pp. 23–49).

Updated: 29 April 2012